For at least four decades, dual-slope integrating A-to-D conversion has formed the core of most every digital multimeter and many industrial and instrumentation applications besides. Elegant in its ...

The last major functional block of the Z meter is one that has been monolithically integrated for decades: the digital voltmeter (DVM). In older Z meters, this was often the Intersil or Maxim 7106, a ...

How to measure linearity of an ADC using sine-wave input. How do non-idealities of a sine wave affect ADC linearity while testing it. Testing an ADC’s linearity. To obtain the transfer function of an ...

Unijunction transistors (UJTs) were common circuit elements several decades ago. A simple ramp generator could be built from a single UJT and a few other components (Fig. 1). 1. In a simple UJT-based ...